Tugas 2

·     Adjectives and Adverbs

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Definitions

An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies (i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify.

Examples:
That is a cute puppy

.
She likes a high school senior.

Adjectives may also follow the word they modify:

Examples:
That puppy looks cute.
The technology is state-of-the-art.

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Examples:
He speaks slowly (modifies the verb speaks)
He is especially clever (modifies the adjective clever)
He speaks all too slowly (modifies the adverb slowly)

An adverb answers how, when, where, or to what extent—how often or how much (e.g., daily, completely).

Examples:
He speaks slowly (answers the question how)
He speaks very slowly (answers the question how slowly)

Rule 1. Many adverbs end in -ly, but many do not. Generally, if a word can have -ly added to its adjective form, place it there to form an adverb.

Examples:
She thinks quick/quickly.
How does she think? Quickly.

She is a quick/quickly thinker.
Quick is an adjective describing thinker, so no -ly is attached.

She thinks fast/fastly.
Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has -ly attached to it.

We performed bad/badly.
Badly describes how we performed, so -ly is added.

Rule 2. Adverbs that answer the question how sometimes cause grammatical problems. It can be a challenge to determine if -ly should be attached. Avoid the trap of -ly with linking verbs, such as taste, smell, look, feel, etc., that pertain to the senses. Adverbs are often misplaced in such sentences, which require adjectives instead.

Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No; in this case, smell is a linking verb—which requires an adjective to modify roses—so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily to us.
Did the woman look with her eyes, or are we describing her appearance? We are describing her appearance (she appeared angry), so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the woman actively looked (used her eyes), so the -ly is added.

She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.

Rule 3. The word good is an adjective, whose adverb equivalent is well.

Examples:
You did a good job.
Good describes the job.

You did the job well.
Well answers how.

You smell good today.
Good describes your fragrance, not how you smell with your nose, so using the adjective is correct.

You smell well for someone with a cold.
You are actively smelling with your nose here, so use the adverb.

Rule 4. The word well can be an adjective, too. When referring to health, we often use well rather than good.

Examples:
You do not look well today.
I don't feel well, either.

Rule 5. Adjectives come in three forms, also called degrees. An adjective in its normal or usual form is called a positive degree adjective. There are also the comparative and superlative degrees, which are used for comparison, as in the following examples:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
sweet	Sweeter	sweetest
bad	Worse	worst
efficient	more efficient	most efficient

A common error in using adjectives and adverbs arises from using the wrong form of comparison. To compare two things, always use a comparative adjective:

Example: She is the cleverer of the two women (never cleverest)

The word cleverest is what is called the superlative form of clever. Use it only when comparing three or more things:

Example: She is the cleverest of them all.

Incorrect: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like best?

Correct: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like better?

Rule 6. There are also three degrees of adverbs. In formal usage, do not drop the -ly from an adverb when using the comparative form.

Incorrect: She spoke quicker than he did.

Correct: She spoke more quickly than he did.

Incorrect: Talk quieter.

Correct: Talk more quietly.

Rule 7. When this, that, these, and those are followed by a noun, they are adjectives. When they appear without a noun following them, they are pronouns.

Examples:
This house is for sale.
This is an adjective.

This is for sale.
This is a pronou

·         Comparisson degree

Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.
They are:
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
Let us see all of them one by one.
1.Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree.

Examples:
1. This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about.
2. He is a tall student.
3. This flower is beautiful.
4. He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.

The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is...

2.Comparative degree.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other, We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
Examples:
a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

b. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative)
This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The term “more beautiful” is comparative version of the term “beautiful”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

c. He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative)
He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)

The term “more intelligent” is comparative version of the term “intelligent”.  Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative)
He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)

The term “taller” is comparative version of the term “tall”. Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

3. Superlative degree
When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,  We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.
Examples:

a. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative)
This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)

The term “biggest” is the superlative version of the term “big”.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.

b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative)
This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)

The term “most beautiful” is the superlative version of the term “beautiful”.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)
He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)

The term “most intelligent” is superlative version of the term “intelligent”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

d. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative)
He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)

The term “tallest” is superlative version of the term “tall”.

He is the tallest student in the class.
The term “tallest” is an adjective.
Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.

·         The term “effectively” is an adverb.

·         All the terms used in the above-examples are either adjectives or adverbs.
We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison.
Let us see their models.

·         Model -1: “The best”:
Examples:
i. This is the best hotel in this area.

·         No other hotel is as better as this on in this area.

·         No other hotel is as good as this one in this area.

·         ii. Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country.
Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country.

·         No other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment.

·         Model-2: “One of the best”:

Examples:

·         i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in India.

·         Calcutta is large than most other cities in India.
Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta.

·         ii. Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world.

·         Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world.

·         No other batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar.

·         Model-3: “Not the best”:

Examples:
i. This is not the best solution to the problem.
ii. This is not better than few other solutions to this problem.
iii. Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.

ii. New York is not the largest city in America.
New York is not bigger than many other cities in America.
Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York.

Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “more” before them.

And their superlative terms, by getting “most” before them.

Examples:

·         Beautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautiful

·         Effective……….more effective………most effective

·         Effectively………more effectively……….most effectively

·         Enjoyable………….more enjoyable……….most enjoyable

·         Useful……………….more useful………..most useful

·         Different………..more different…………most different

·         Honest………..more honest…………..most honest

·         Qualified…………more qualified…………most qualified

·         Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “er” after them and their superlative terms, by getting “est” after them.

Examples:

Hard……………..harder……………..hardest

Big……………….bigger…………….biggest

·         Tall……………..taller……………tallest

·         Long………………longer………………longest

·         Short……………..shorter……………….shortest

·         Costly…………………costlier……………costliest

·         Simple………………….simpler………….simplest

·         Degrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences.

Sumber : http://www.english-for-students.com/Degrees-of-Comparison.html