tugas 4

Nama  : Befrinda agustin

Npm    : 18211304

1.    Connectors

            A connector is a word that is used to join words or sentences. And, as well as, but, or, yet, nevertheless, however, so that, as long as, while, until, as if, because, when, after, though, before.

Examples

·         A boy and a girl

·         An elephant and a giraffe

·         A toy or a book

·         The music was loud nevertheless it was enjoyable

2.    Relative Clause

          As the name suggest, defining relative clauses give essential information to define or identify the person or thing we are talking about. Take for example the sentence : dogs that like cats are very unusual. In this sentence we understand that there are many dogs in the world, but we are only talking about the ones that like cats. The defining relative caluse gives us that information. If the defining relative clause were removed from the sentence, the sentence would still be grammatically correct, but is meaning would have changed significantly.

            Defining relative clause are composed of a relative pronoun (sometimes omitted), a verb, and optional other elements such as the subject or object of the verb. Commas are not used to separate defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentences. Commas or parentheses are used to separate non-defining relative clauses from the rest of the sentences.

Examples

·         Children who hate chocolate are uncommon

·         They live in a house whose roof is full of holes

·         An elephant is an animal that lives in hot countries

·         Let’s go to a country where the sun always shines

·         The reason why I came here today is not important

3.    Adjective and Adverb

An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify.

Examples :

·         That is a cute puppy

·         She likes a high school senior

Adjectives may also follow the word they modify.

Examples :

·         That puppy looks cute

·         The technology is state of the art

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Examples :

·         He speaks slowly (modifies the verb speaks)

·         He is especially clever (modifies the adjective clever)

·         He speaks all too slowly (modifies the adverb slowly)

An adverb answers how, when, where, or to what extent-how often or how much

Examples :

·         He speaks slowly (answers the question how)

·         He speaks very slowly (answers the question how slowly)

Tugas 3

Causative Verbs

          Cusative verbs are verbs that are used to indicate that the subject is not directly responsible for the actions that occurred but someone or something else that does the act. We can use the verb have as a causative verb in both the active and passive forms. In this case the subject of the sentence forces or causes an action from another person.

1.      Active Forms :

·         Verbs : have –had

Examples :       a. Lala had her friend take her result test.

b. The student had the teacher speak slowly

·         Verbs : Get – got

Examples :       a. She got her parents to buy her a tennis racket.

                                    b. The boy got his cat to chase a mouse

·         Verbs : Let

Examples :       a. My father lets me choose my own future carrier.

                        b. The shepherd lets his sheep graze in the meadow.

2.      Passive Forms :

·         Verbs : have – had

Examples :       a. I had my house renovated last week.

                         b.  He had his book returned as soon as possible.

·         Verbs : Get – got

Examples :       a. Teddy got the money saved in the bank

                        b. Yulia got her bedroom cleaned

Sumber : http://grammar.about.com/od/c/g/causativeverbterm.htm

review kuliah umum

Ekonomi Syariah

Saya akan melakukan review tentang kuliah umum yang saya ikuti pada tanggal 4 Mei dengan pembicara Bapak Ronald Rulindo, Ph.D (Head of Islamic Finance and Risk Management Research at Indonesia Deposit Insurance Corporation) yang membahas tentang pentingnya ekonomi syariah. Berikut adalah penjelasan lebih lanjut tentang kuliah umum ini.

Ekonomi syariah merupakan salah satu dari banyaknya alternatif atau jalan keluar bagi perekonomian yang rumit ini , mengapa harus ekonomi  syariah ? karena di dalam ekonomi syariah tidak diperbolehkan adanya sistem riba sedangkan penghancur sistem ekonomi adalah riba. Riba adalah bunga yang diberikan saat kita menabung atau berinvestasi tanpa akad dan kesepakatan kedua pihak. Karena riba nilai uang yang berlaku akan semakin turun nilai mata  uang 1 bisa menjadi 2 karena riba sehingga dalam  ekonomi terjadilah kemerosotan nilai dari mata uang, selain itu timbulah karakter malas berkerja para pemegang modal karena tanpa kerja mereka dapat uang lebih banyak.

Islamic Finance Adalah suatu ilmu yang mempelajari ekonomi khususnya dibidang keuangan dan yang diatur berdasarkan prinsip-prinsip atau ajaran-ajaran agama islam. Tujuannya ialah agar kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh orang-orang yang ada di dunia tidak melanggar aturan-aturan yang ada agama.

Ekonomi Syariah bertujuan menciptakannya perekonomian yang maju,  menekankan keadilan, mengajarkan konsep yang unggul dalam menghadapi gejolak moneter dibanding sistem konvensional. Sistem ekonomi Islam yang diwakili lembaga perbankan syari’ah telah menunjukkan ketangguhannya bisa bertahan karena ia menggunakan sistemi hasil sehingga tidak mengalami negative spread sebagaimana bank-bank konvensional. Bahkan perbankan syariah semakin berkembang di masa-masa yang sangat sulit tersebut. 

Sejarah Perkembangan ekonomi syariah didunia mulai muncul dan berkembang pada tahun 1960-an diMesir pada awal perkebangannya ini berdirilah insitusi syariah yang bergerak dibidang keuangan bukan bank, namun karena polemik keadaan politik dan sosial di mesir lembaga syariah belum bisa menunjukan eksistensinya di dunia ekonomi sekitar tahun 1970-an barulah berdiri sebuah lembaga perbankan syariah di Mesir hal ini menunjukan walaupun tidak secara langsung dikenal lembaga keuangan syariah tetap memiliki progres dalam mengikuti perkembangan masyarakat. Tujuan utama dari pendirian lembaga keuangan berlandaskan etika ini adalah tiada lain sebagai upaya kaum muslimin untuk mendasari segenap aspek kehidupan ekonominya berlandaskan Al-Qur'an dan As-Sunnah. Upaya awal penerapan sistem profit and loss sharing tercatat di Pakistan dan Malaysia sekitar tahun 1940-an, yaitu adanya upaya mengelola dana jamaah haji secara nonkonvensional. Rintisan institusional lainnya adalah Islamic Rural Bank di desa Mit Ghamr pada tahun 1963 di Kairo, Mesir. Setelah dua rintisan awal yang cukup sederhana itu, bank islam tumbuh dengan sangat pesat. Sesuai dengan analisa Prof. Khursid Ahmad dan laporan International Association of Islamic Bank, hingga akhir 1999 tercatat lebih dari dua ratus lembaga keuangan Islam yang beroperasi di seluruh dunia, baik di negara-negara berpenduduk muslim maupun di Eropa, Australia maupun Amerika.

·         Fenomena Riba dalam Aktifitas Ekonomi Masyarakat

Ada beberapa alasan mengapa riba tidak diperbolehkan, yaitu sebagai berikut:

1)      Karena riba tidak adil

2)      Menyebabkan kemalasan

3)      Riba berdampak pada krisis ekonomi

 Di Indonesia sendiri lembaga keuangan islam baru masuk sekitar tahun 1999-an mulai yang ditandai dengan hadirnya bank Muamalat sebagai Bank Retail pertama di Asia yang berbasis syariah sekaligus pelopor bank syariah pertama di Indonesia. Walaupun awalnya menjadi market leader dalam perbankan syariah ternyata market share bank Muamalat bisa di rebut oleh Mandiri Syariah yang kalah start sebagai pelopor namun  market share Mandiri saat ini menjadi nomor 1 dibidang Bank Retail Perbankan Indonesia.

·         Prinsip Dasar Perbankan Syariah

1)      Prinsip Titipan atau Simpanan (Al-Wadi’ah)

2)      Prinsip Bagi Hasil (Profit-Sharing)

Secara prinsip dalam perbankan syariah yang paling banyak dipakai dalam dunia perbankan adalah akad utama: al-musyarakah dan al-mudharabah, sedangkan al-muzara’ah dan al-musaqah dipergunakan khusus untuk plantation financing atau pembiayaan pertanian oleh beberapa bank Islam.

            Demikianlah ulasan kuliah umum mengenai ekonomi syariah ini semoga review atau ulasan ini bermanfaat untuk orang banyak tidak hanya untuk mahasiswa saja. Dan semoga setelah mengikuti kuliah umum ini masyarakat menjadi semakin sadar tentang bahaya riba bagi kehidupan kita. Saya mohon maaf jika dalam tulisan ini terdapat banyak kekurangan dan kesalah yang tidak di sengaja.

Tugas 2

·     Adjectives and Adverbs

Top of Form

Bottom of Form

Definitions

An adjective is a word or set of words that modifies (i.e., describes) a noun or pronoun. Adjectives may come before the word they modify.

Examples:
That is a cute puppy

.
She likes a high school senior.

Adjectives may also follow the word they modify:

Examples:
That puppy looks cute.
The technology is state-of-the-art.

An adverb is a word or set of words that modifies verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

Examples:
He speaks slowly (modifies the verb speaks)
He is especially clever (modifies the adjective clever)
He speaks all too slowly (modifies the adverb slowly)

An adverb answers how, when, where, or to what extent—how often or how much (e.g., daily, completely).

Examples:
He speaks slowly (answers the question how)
He speaks very slowly (answers the question how slowly)

Rule 1. Many adverbs end in -ly, but many do not. Generally, if a word can have -ly added to its adjective form, place it there to form an adverb.

Examples:
She thinks quick/quickly.
How does she think? Quickly.

She is a quick/quickly thinker.
Quick is an adjective describing thinker, so no -ly is attached.

She thinks fast/fastly.
Fast answers the question how, so it is an adverb. But fast never has -ly attached to it.

We performed bad/badly.
Badly describes how we performed, so -ly is added.

Rule 2. Adverbs that answer the question how sometimes cause grammatical problems. It can be a challenge to determine if -ly should be attached. Avoid the trap of -ly with linking verbs, such as taste, smell, look, feel, etc., that pertain to the senses. Adverbs are often misplaced in such sentences, which require adjectives instead.

Examples:
Roses smell sweet/sweetly.
Do the roses actively smell with noses? No; in this case, smell is a linking verb—which requires an adjective to modify roses—so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily to us.
Did the woman look with her eyes, or are we describing her appearance? We are describing her appearance (she appeared angry), so no -ly.

The woman looked angry/angrily at the paint splotches.
Here the woman actively looked (used her eyes), so the -ly is added.

She feels bad/badly about the news.
She is not feeling with fingers, so no -ly.

Rule 3. The word good is an adjective, whose adverb equivalent is well.

Examples:
You did a good job.
Good describes the job.

You did the job well.
Well answers how.

You smell good today.
Good describes your fragrance, not how you smell with your nose, so using the adjective is correct.

You smell well for someone with a cold.
You are actively smelling with your nose here, so use the adverb.

Rule 4. The word well can be an adjective, too. When referring to health, we often use well rather than good.

Examples:
You do not look well today.
I don't feel well, either.

Rule 5. Adjectives come in three forms, also called degrees. An adjective in its normal or usual form is called a positive degree adjective. There are also the comparative and superlative degrees, which are used for comparison, as in the following examples:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
sweet	Sweeter	sweetest
bad	Worse	worst
efficient	more efficient	most efficient

A common error in using adjectives and adverbs arises from using the wrong form of comparison. To compare two things, always use a comparative adjective:

Example: She is the cleverer of the two women (never cleverest)

The word cleverest is what is called the superlative form of clever. Use it only when comparing three or more things:

Example: She is the cleverest of them all.

Incorrect: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like best?

Correct: Chocolate or vanilla: which do you like better?

Rule 6. There are also three degrees of adverbs. In formal usage, do not drop the -ly from an adverb when using the comparative form.

Incorrect: She spoke quicker than he did.

Correct: She spoke more quickly than he did.

Incorrect: Talk quieter.

Correct: Talk more quietly.

Rule 7. When this, that, these, and those are followed by a noun, they are adjectives. When they appear without a noun following them, they are pronouns.

Examples:
This house is for sale.
This is an adjective.

This is for sale.
This is a pronou

·         Comparisson degree

Degrees of Comparison are used when we compare one person or one thing with another.
There are three Degrees of Comparison in English.
They are:
1. Positive degree.
2. Comparative degree.
3. Superlative degree.
Let us see all of them one by one.
1.Positive degree.
When we speak about only one person or thing, We use the Positive degree.

Examples:
1. This house is big.
In this sentence only one noun “The house” is talked about.
2. He is a tall student.
3. This flower is beautiful.
4. He is an intelligent boy.
Each sentence mentioned above talks about only one noun.

The second one in the Degrees of Comparison is...

2.Comparative degree.
When we compare two persons or two things with each other, We use both the Positive degree and Comparative degree.
Examples:
a. This house is bigger than that one. (Comparative degree)
This house is not as big as that one. (Positive degree)
The term “bigger” is comparative version of the term “big”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

b. This flower is more beautiful than that. (Comparative)
This flower is not as beautiful as that. (Positive)
The term “more beautiful” is comparative version of the term “beautiful”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

c. He is more intelligent than this boy. (Comparative)
He is not as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)

The term “more intelligent” is comparative version of the term “intelligent”.  Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

d. He is taller than Mr. Hulas. (Comparative)
He is not as tall as Mr. Hulas. (Positive)

The term “taller” is comparative version of the term “tall”. Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

3. Superlative degree
When we compare more than two persons or things with one another,  We use all the three Positive, Comparative and Superlative degrees.
Examples:

a. This is the biggest house in this street. (Superlative)
This house is bigger than any other house in this street. (Comparative)
No other house in this street is as big as this one. (Positive)

The term “biggest” is the superlative version of the term “big”.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.

b. This flower is the most beautiful one in this garden. (Superlative)
This flower is more beautiful than any other flower in this garden. (Comparative)
No other flower in this garden is as beautiful as this one. (Comparative)

The term “most beautiful” is the superlative version of the term “beautiful”.
All the three sentences mean the same meaning.
c. He is the most intelligent in this class. (Superlative)
He is more intelligent than other boys in the class. (Comparative)
No other boy is as intelligent as this boy. (Positive)

The term “most intelligent” is superlative version of the term “intelligent”.
Both these sentences convey the same meaning.

d. He is the tallest student in this class. (Superlative)
He is taller than other students in this class. (Comparative)
No other student is as tall as this student. (Positive)

The term “tallest” is superlative version of the term “tall”.

He is the tallest student in the class.
The term “tallest” is an adjective.
Among the members of the group, Mr. Clinton speaks most effectively.

·         The term “effectively” is an adverb.

·         All the terms used in the above-examples are either adjectives or adverbs.
We have seen all the three Degrees of Comparison.
Let us see their models.

·         Model -1: “The best”:
Examples:
i. This is the best hotel in this area.

·         No other hotel is as better as this on in this area.

·         No other hotel is as good as this one in this area.

·         ii. Unemployment is the most serious problem facing our country.
Unemployment is more serious than any other problem facing our country.

·         No other problem facing our country is as serious as unemployment.

·         Model-2: “One of the best”:

Examples:

·         i. Calcutta is one of the largest cities in India.

·         Calcutta is large than most other cities in India.
Very few cities in India are as large as Calcutta.

·         ii. Satin Tendulkar is one of the best batsmen in the world.

·         Satin Tendulkar is better than most other batsmen in the world.

·         No other batman in the world is as good as Satin Tendulkar.

·         Model-3: “Not the best”:

Examples:
i. This is not the best solution to the problem.
ii. This is not better than few other solutions to this problem.
iii. Other solutions to this problem are not as good as this one.

ii. New York is not the largest city in America.
New York is not bigger than many other cities in America.
Few other cities in America are at least as large as New York.

Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “more” before them.

And their superlative terms, by getting “most” before them.

Examples:

·         Beautiful..........more beautiful..........most beautiful

·         Effective……….more effective………most effective

·         Effectively………more effectively……….most effectively

·         Enjoyable………….more enjoyable……….most enjoyable

·         Useful……………….more useful………..most useful

·         Different………..more different…………most different

·         Honest………..more honest…………..most honest

·         Qualified…………more qualified…………most qualified

·         Few adjectives and adverbs get their Comparative forms by simply getting “er” after them and their superlative terms, by getting “est” after them.

Examples:

Hard……………..harder……………..hardest

Big……………….bigger…………….biggest

·         Tall……………..taller……………tallest

·         Long………………longer………………longest

·         Short……………..shorter……………….shortest

·         Costly…………………costlier……………costliest

·         Simple………………….simpler………….simplest

·         Degrees of Comparison add beauty and varieties to the sentences.

Sumber : http://www.english-for-students.com/Degrees-of-Comparison.html